Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing importance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thes

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) are fascinating materials with a broad spectrum of properties making them suitable for various uses. These nanoparticles can be synthesized through various methods, including chemical precipitation, sol-gel processing, and hydrothermal reaction. The resulting NiO NPs exhibit remarkable properties such as high el